Fundamentals
Freedom of Research: Scope, Safeguards, and Limits
Research freedom requires independence to ask questions, test explanations, and share findings. Its safeguards go hand in hand with rigorous evaluation and respect for people.
Publication contributor
Articles by Daniel Sardá · Page 18
This archive contains published site articles attributed to Daniel Sardá. The separate Thinkers section contains historical intellectual profiles, not publication contributors.
Fundamentals
Political consent: when is there authorization to govern?
Living in a country or voting in its elections raises a question: what have we authorized? An explanation of political consent, its conditions, and its scope.
Fundamentals
Freedom to Publish: What It Protects and How It Works
Publishing connects ideas with readers. Learn what this freedom protects, which decisions belong to publishers, and how restrictions must be justified.
Fundamentals
Freedom of Worship: What It Protects and Its Limits
Holding a ceremony, gathering for prayer, or choosing not to participate all raise the same demand: respect for personal choice. This is what distinguishes freedom of worship from religious privilege.
Fundamentals
Freedom of Thought: What It Means and What It Protects
Freedom of thought protects the ability to form, hold, and change convictions without coercion. Understanding it means distinguishing thought, communication, and action.
Fundamentals
Freedom of Movement: What It Protects and Where Its Limits Lie
Moving within a country, leaving it, and returning to your own country are distinct rights. Understanding them helps assess when a restriction is justified.
Fundamentals
Liberalism vs Populism: Differences and Limits on Power
Addressing popular demands and claiming to speak for the entire people are different things. That distinction offers a liberal perspective on populism.
Fundamentals
Economic Competition and Political Power: How They Interact
A business can win customers by improving its offer or seek rules that protect its position. Distinguishing these strategies helps explain how markets and political power interact.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Limits on Power: Why Winning Is Not a Blank Check
Winning an election gives a government authority within defined limits. A fictional fine imposed on a critical publication shows why rights need institutional checks and effective ways to challenge abuses.
Practical
Business Websites in Venezuela: What 480 Google Search Results Reveal
Libertatis analyzed 480 commercial Google results in Caracas, Maracaibo, and Barquisimeto to measure how much search visibility belongs to providers' own websites and how technically strong those sites are.
Fundamentals
Currency Board: What It Is and How It Works
A currency board links a domestic currency to a foreign anchor through rules on reserve backing and conversion. Its balance sheet reveals what it constrains and which risks remain.
Fundamentals
Cultural Tolerance: What It Is, Why It Matters, and Where Its Limits Lie
Cultural tolerance allows people to live alongside beliefs and customs they do not share without abandoning disagreement or treating every practice as acceptable.
Fundamentals
Fractional reserve banking: what it is and why it is debated
Fractional reserve banking allows demand deposits to coexist with loans and other assets. This structure facilitates credit, but it requires liquidity, capital, and rules capable of containing its risks.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Freedom of Expression: Why It Matters and Where Its Limits Lie
Freedom of expression protects autonomy, pluralism, and scrutiny of power, but it is neither an absolute right nor immunity from every consequence.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Decentralization: When Dispersing Power Protects Freedom
Decentralization can limit concentrations of power, bring decisions closer to citizens, and create room for institutional diversity. But without rights, resources, and accountability, it can also move arbitrary power to the local level.
Fundamentals
Inflation and Institutional Crisis: How They Reinforce Each Other
Inflation and institutional fragility can reinforce each other through public finances, credibility, and contracts, but the relationship is not automatic.
Fundamentals
Judicial Independence: What It Is, How It Is Protected, and Its Limits
Judicial independence allows judges to decide cases according to the facts and the law, free from orders or reprisals, but it does not exempt them from explaining their decisions or from legitimate oversight.
Fundamentals
Right to Petition: What It Is, What It Guarantees, and How to Exercise It
The right to petition allows people to address public authorities and receive a response in accordance with the law, but it does not guarantee that their request will be granted.
Fundamentals
Guarantist Constitutionalism: Rights, Guarantees, and Limits on Power
Guarantist constitutionalism subjects legislation to constitutional limits of both form and substance. A guide to its concepts, scope, and tensions.
Fundamentals
What Is Constituent Power, Who Exercises It, and What Are Its Limits?
Constituent power creates or replaces a political community’s constitutional framework. Understanding it requires distinguishing its holder, the body that exercises it, and the limits on its use.
Fundamentals
Fundamental Rights: What They Are, How They Differ, and What Protects Them
Fundamental rights protect essential aspects of the person and limit power, but their scope and safeguards depend on each legal system.
Fundamentals
Central Banking and Individual Rights: How Monetary Power Affects Freedom
Monetary power does not determine every price or loan, but it does alter the conditions under which people save, enter contracts, and plan.
Fundamentals
Government Transparency: What It Is, How It Works, and Its Limits
Publishing information is not enough: transparency requires public decisions and resources to be findable, understandable, and open to scrutiny.
Fundamentals
Moral Responsibility: What It Is and When It Can Be Attributed
Moral responsibility allows us to ask people to answer for actions and omissions, but it requires us to consider how much control and knowledge they actually had.