Fundamentals
Disinflation: What It Is and Why It Does Not Mean Lower Prices
Lower inflation does not automatically mean prices return to their earlier level. Disinflation describes a slower increase in the general price level.
Publication contributor
Articles by Daniel Sardá · Page 16
This archive contains published site articles attributed to Daniel Sardá. The separate Thinkers section contains historical intellectual profiles, not publication contributors.
Fundamentals
Freedom of Decision: What It Means and What It Depends On
Deciding freely is not the same as being able to choose anything: it requires one's own reasons, practicable options, and protection from coercion.
Fundamentals
Freedom of Debate: What It Protects and Why It Matters
A public controversy can be useful only when people can offer reasons, answer them, and encounter information and differing voices.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Legitimate Authority: When Political Power Can Be Justified
A guide to distinguishing power, authority, and legitimacy, and to understanding why liberalism requires limits even on majorities.
Fundamentals
Moral Liberalism: Meaning and Limits
A guide to distinguishing autonomy, pluralism, and tolerance from the idea that every form of conduct must be beyond judgment or public rules.
Fundamentals
Individualism and Responsibility: Freedom and Consequences
Being free does not mean being exempt from the consequences of one’s actions. This guide distinguishes causal, moral, and legal responsibility, and explains how individualism can coexist with commitments and cooperation.
Fundamentals
Creative destruction: what it is and how it works
Creative destruction describes how adopted innovations displace earlier alternatives and reallocate resources. It is neither automatic progress nor deliberate destruction.
Fundamentals
Central Banking and Institutional Crisis: Limits of the Emergency Response
Crises demand speed, but they do not make every central-bank intervention a solution or render rules dispensable.
Fundamentals
Retroactivity of the Law: What It Is and When It Reaches the Past
A new law can govern the future without necessarily rewriting the past. The difference turns on the fact, right, or effect it seeks to regulate.
Fundamentals
Business Ownership: What It Is, Who Controls a Company, and Why It Matters
Business ownership organizes rights over capital and its returns, but it does not by itself determine who makes day-to-day decisions or how each owner is liable.
Fundamentals
Civil Power: What It Is, How It Differs, and Why It Needs Limits
Civil power usually refers to public authority outside the military, but the term changes with the context. Its political value also depends on its limits.
Fundamentals
Liberal Parliamentarism: What It Is, How It Works, and the Limits It Needs
Parliamentarism organizes the relationship between parliament and government; its liberal character depends on rights, legality, and limits on power.
Fundamentals
Freedom of Belief: What It Protects, Key Differences, and Limits
Freedom of belief grants neither unlimited privileges nor demands religious silence: it protects personal conviction and pluralism governed by equal rights.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Religious Freedom: What a Liberal State Protects
A liberal state does not decide which faith deserves greater respect: it protects the conscience of believers and nonbelievers alike and limits coercion over its expression.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Voluntary Cooperation: Freedom, Agreements, and Social Life
Voluntary cooperation lets people coordinate different projects through exchange, association, and common rules, without demanding unanimity or confusing freedom with an absence of responsibility.
Fundamentals
Personal Inviolability: What It Protects and Why It Limits Power
A principle that requires treating every person as an end in themselves, distinct from specific rights such as integrity, privacy, or personal liberty.
Fundamentals
Intimacy and Liberty: Why a Private Sphere Protects Individual Autonomy
Intimacy is neither permission to harm nor a demand for others’ silence: it is the reserve that lets people decide, reconsider, and sustain relationships without undue surveillance or coercion.
Fundamentals
Division of Labor: What It Is, How It Raises Productivity, and What It Needs to Coordinate
The division of labor concentrates tasks and knowledge, but it also creates interdependence: to work, it requires exchange and coordination.
Fundamentals
Possession: What It Is and How It Differs from Ownership
Possession concerns a person’s effective relationship with an asset; ownership concerns legal title. Telling them apart helps explain custody, possessory protection, and acquisitive prescription.
Fundamentals
What Is a Central Bank and What Does It Do?
A central bank manages the basic forms of money and exercises the powers assigned to it by law. Its decisions matter for payments and financial conditions, but cannot replace production, fiscal discipline, or credible rules.
Fundamentals
Economic Privileges: What They Are and How They Affect Competition
An economic privilege does not describe every advantage or inequality. It identifies an advantage protected by selective treatment, exclusivity, or a rule that does not apply equally.
Fundamentals
Market and Scarcity: How Prices Coordinate Limited Resources
Scarcity makes choice unavoidable. Markets and prices help coordinate those choices, though they do not remove the limits on resources.
Fundamentals
Constitutional Review: What It Is, Its Types, and Why It Limits Power
Constitutional review measures laws and public decisions against the Constitution. Its models, effects, and limits matter as much as its existence.
Fundamentals
Subjective Value: What It Is and How It Relates to Prices
Subjective value explains why the same good can matter differently to different people and at different times, without confusing a valuation with a price.