Fundamentals
Individual responsibility: freedom, choices, and consequences
What individual responsibility means, how it relates to freedom, and why it does not require ignoring social circumstances.
Publication contributor
Articles by Daniel Sardá · Page 22
This archive contains published site articles attributed to Daniel Sardá. The separate Thinkers section contains historical intellectual profiles, not publication contributors.
Fundamentals
Individual agency: what it means to act as the author of one’s choices
What individual agency means, how it relates to intention, autonomy, and responsibility, and how circumstances constrain it.
Fundamentals
Foreign exchange market: what it is, how it works, and why it matters
The foreign exchange market connects currencies, payments, and risks. This guide explains how it works, who participates, and how exchange rates are formed.
Fundamentals
Business profit: what it measures, where it comes from, and what risks it rewards
What business profit means, how it works, which distinctions matter, and what risks, limits, and applications shape it.
Fundamentals
Bicameralism: how two chambers work and what they are designed to solve
What bicameralism means, how it works, which distinctions matter, and what risks, limits, and applications shape it.
Fundamentals
Abuse of power: what it means and how institutions can limit it
An explanation of abuse of power in government, organizations, and unequal relationships, with practical criteria for recognizing and constraining it.
Fundamentals
Abuse of authority: meaning, legal limits, and accountability
What abuse of authority means, how it differs from lawful discretion, and which safeguards constrain arbitrary official action.
Fundamentals
Secularism: Meaning, Principles, and Limits
Secularism limits state privilege and coercion in matters of belief. This guide explains its principles, institutional forms, and limits.
Fundamentals
Public Reason: How to Justify Power Among Free Citizens
Public reason requires fundamental political decisions to be justified with reasons that free and equal citizens can assess and reasonably accept. It neither erases personal convictions nor promises consensus: it disciplines the use of coercive power.
Fundamentals
Productive Property: What It Is, Examples, and How It Works
Productive property is defined not only by who owns an asset, but by how that asset is used. This guide explains the criterion through examples, mixed-use cases, and limits.
Fundamentals
Money Illusion: When a Bigger Number Does Not Mean Greater Wealth
Money illusion arises when we focus more on monetary figures than on what the money can buy. Distinguishing nominal from real values helps us evaluate wages, savings, interest rates, and debt more accurately.
Fundamentals
Monetary Aggregates: What They Are and How M1, M2, and M3 Differ
Monetary aggregates classify assets by their ability to function as money. This guide explains the logic of M1, M2, and M3, how they differ from the monetary base, and the cautions needed to interpret them.
Fundamentals
Mixed Ownership: Who Controls, Bears Risk, and Receives the Benefits
Mixed ownership combines public and private stakes, but percentages alone do not explain it: effective control, risk, objectives, and accountability also matter.
Fundamentals
Local power: when a community can truly decide
Local power depends on more than proximity: it requires genuine decision-making authority, adequate resources, accountability, and legal limits.
Fundamentals
Condominium ownership: how private units and common property fit together
Condominium ownership combines exclusive rights over an individual unit with an inseparable interest in common areas and services. This guide explains its structure, documents, and basic rules.
Fundamentals
Communal property: what it is and how it works
Communal property does not mean that a resource has no owner or that anyone may use it. It refers to a family of arrangements in which an identifiable community allocates rights, sets rules, and assumes responsibilities for a resource.
Fundamentals
Cadastre: what it is, what information it contains, and what it is used for
A cadastre organizes information about parcels and real estate so they can be identified, described, and used for fiscal and land-management purposes. Its scope and legal effects vary by country.
Fundamentals
Political prices: what they are and why they distort the economy
Political prices are prices fixed or altered by public power according to political goals, rather than by voluntary coordination between supply and demand.
Fundamentals
Money multiplier: what it is and what its limits are
The money multiplier describes a relationship between the monetary base, bank reserves, and broad money, but it is not an automatic credit machine.
Fundamentals
Co-ownership: what it means to share ownership of an asset
Co-ownership exists when two or more people hold ownership of the same asset or patrimonial right at the same time.
Fundamentals
Velocity of money: what it is and why it matters for inflation
The velocity of money measures how often a monetary unit is used during a period. It helps explain the relationship between money supply, nominal spending, demand for money, and inflation.
Fundamentals
Right-of-way easement: what it is and how it limits property use
A right-of-way easement permits limited use of another person’s land to reach another place. It restricts property use under legal rules without transferring ownership.
Fundamentals
Private Life: What It Means and Why It Protects Individual Liberty
Private life protects personal spaces, communications, relationships, and decisions from arbitrary intrusion and sustains individual liberty.
Fundamentals
Price floors: what they are and why they create surpluses
Price floors set a minimum transaction price. When binding above equilibrium, they can create surpluses, reduce hiring, and shift costs to buyers or taxpayers.