Publication contributor
This archive contains published site articles attributed to Daniel Sardá. The separate Thinkers section contains historical intellectual profiles, not publication contributors.
Fundamentals
The current account records cross-border exchanges of goods, services, and income. Its balance is informative, but it does not by itself tell us whether an economy is doing well or badly.
Fundamentals
The balance of payments organizes transactions between residents and non-residents. Understanding its accounts helps readers interpret trade, investment, and external financing.
Fundamentals
Dark patterns use interface design to make free, informed decisions harder. Understanding how they work helps people recognize them without treating every form of persuasion as manipulation.
Fundamentals
The capability approach evaluates well-being by the real opportunities people have to live in ways they value, not only by their income or resources.
Fundamentals
An electoral threshold determines which parties may enter the allocation of seats, but its effect depends on the district, the formula, and how votes are distributed.
Fundamentals
Prospect theory explains why the same choice can change when we see it as a gain or a loss, even when the probabilities remain the same.
Fundamentals
A guide to how majoritarian electoral systems work, the forms they can take, and the effects their design may produce.
Fundamentals
Adverse selection arises when one party knows more about quality or risk before an agreement is made. That difference can change prices, participants, and outcomes.
Fundamentals
Trade safeguards can temporarily restrict certain imports when they cause serious injury, but they require an investigation, causation, and a defined exit path.
Fundamentals
Systemic risk arises when a financial problem spreads, amplifies, and threatens functions essential to the economy.
Fundamentals
An organization faces a soft budget constraint when it expects someone else to cover its losses and that expectation shapes its decisions.
Fundamentals
Proportional representation seeks to make each party's share of seats resemble its electoral support. The result depends on rules that should be examined separately.
Fundamentals
Macroprudential regulation aims to reduce vulnerabilities across the financial system. Learn about its tools, distinctions, and limits.
Fundamentals
Most-favored-nation treatment does not grant a special privilege. It establishes a rule against discrimination among comparable trading partners.
Fundamentals
Openness in judicial proceedings lets parties know what is happening and makes justice subject to public scrutiny, without turning case files and personal data into material for unrestricted circulation.
Fundamentals
The privilege against self-incrimination prevents the state from forcing a person to contribute their own statements to a criminal case against them. Its scope, however, does not eliminate investigation or bar every form of evidence gathering.
Fundamentals
TFP estimates the share of output not explained by measured quantities of capital and labor. It is useful, but its residual does not by itself identify the causes.
Fundamentals
A pledge can refer to a promise or an item of clothing, but in law it is a security interest in an asset. Learn its elements, how it works, and its limits.
Fundamentals
The non bis in idem principle limits repeated punitive power, but its application requires examining finality, the facts, and the nature of each proceeding.
Fundamentals
Competitive neutrality aims to ensure that business success rests on price, quality, and innovation—not on selective advantages granted by public authorities.
Fundamentals
A monopsony arises when one buyer concentrates demand in a market. Its effects depend on the real alternatives available to sellers.
Fundamentals
A district’s magnitude does not describe its territory or population: it counts the seats at stake. Along with other rules, that number shapes who can gain representation.
Fundamentals
Democratic liberalism joins representative government to constitutional rights and limits. Its challenge is to let majorities govern without giving them absolute power.
Fundamentals
A guide to understanding how much quantity supplied responds to a price change, what limits that response, and how to calculate the coefficient without confusing it with slope.