Fundamentals
The Paradox of Tolerance: What Popper Meant
Unlimited tolerance can destroy the conditions that make tolerance possible. Popper's warning, however, is not a general license to censor.
Archive
All articles · Page 7
Chronological archive of Libertatis Venezuela publications. Here you can review every published article without filtering by category.
Fundamentals
The Origins of Money: How It Emerged and What Problem It Solved
Money did not appear at one moment or through a single invention. It emerged from different practices that made exchange easier, more reliable, and more far-reaching.
Fundamentals
Freedom to Contract: What It Protects and Its Limits
Freedom to contract allows people to decide whether to enter a contract and with whom. It expresses individual autonomy, but requires valid consent, responsibility, and predictable legal rules.
Fundamentals
Conservative Liberalism: Meaning, Principles, and Differences
A guide to how conservative liberalism combines a defense of liberty and limited government with tradition, prudence, and gradual reform.
Fundamentals
Negative Rights: What They Are and How They Work
Negative rights require others to refrain from interfering with a protected sphere. This guide explains their logic, examples, and limits.
Fundamentals
Consent of the governed: what it means and what limits it
Political power does not become legitimate merely because it secures obedience. Consent of the governed requires that its origin, procedures, and limits be justified.
Fundamentals
What Is Limited Government and How Is Power Limited?
A limited government exercises power, but it cannot do so without boundaries: its powers, procedures, and effects on rights are subject to enforceable rules.
Fundamentals
Austrian Business Cycle Theory: Credit, Booms, and Readjustment
Austrian business cycle theory links credit expansion to investment signals that may prove incompatible with available saving and real resources.
Fundamentals
Political Centralization: Who Decides and Within What Limits?
Political centralization determines which level of government retains final authority. Understanding it requires attention to powers, territorial autonomy, and checks on power.
Fundamentals
Economic Rents: What They Are and Why They Are Not Just Any Profit
An economic rent is a payment above what is needed to keep a resource in its current use. This guide explains how to identify one without mistaking every income or profit for rent.
Fundamentals
Collective Property: What It Is and How It Works
Collective property assigns rights over an asset or resource to a defined group. How it works depends on who may use it, make decisions, exclude others, and demand accountability.
Fundamentals
Harm Principle: What It Is and Its Limits
The harm principle begins with a presumption of liberty: restricting a person requires showing a significant injury to others, not merely disapproval or a wish to protect them from themselves.
Fundamentals
What Is an Independent Judiciary and Why Does It Matter?
An independent judiciary decides according to the facts and the law, free from improper orders or pressure. Here are its safeguards, limits, and key distinctions.
Fundamentals
Voluntary Exchange and Liberty: Choice, Cooperation, and Limits
Free exchange lets people cooperate without imposing a shared purpose, but voluntariness requires more than formal assent: it requires capacity, information, and freedom from coercion.
Fundamentals
Inheritance and Liberty: Property, Autonomy, and Limits
Inheritance extends decisions about property beyond a person’s life, but it also raises questions about family, opportunity, and power. Understanding those tensions means separating the freedom to transfer, the choice to receive, and the rules that organize succession.
Fundamentals
Substantive Due Process: What It Means and Its Limits
Substantive due process asks not only how public power acted, but whether the content of a law or decision respects constitutional limits.
Fundamentals
What Is Legitimate Authority and What Are Its Limits?
An authority is not legitimate merely because it can enforce its decisions or act through laws. Its right to govern depends on a justification and on limits that protect people from arbitrary power.
Fundamentals
Usufruct: What It Is and How It Differs From Bare Ownership
A usufruct lets someone use another person's asset and benefit from its fruits without acquiring full ownership. This guide explains its elements, limits, and key distinctions.
Fundamentals
Legal Monopoly: What It Is and How It Differs from Other Monopolies
A legal monopoly arises from exclusivity created or backed by public authority. Its legal origin alone does not establish state ownership or market power.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Civic Virtue: Liberty, Responsibility, and Institutions
A liberal society does not require identical citizens, but it does depend on certain public dispositions: respect for rights, tolerance, responsibility, and a willingness to live together under fair rules.
Fundamentals
Egalitarian Liberalism: Liberty, Equality, and Justice
A guide to how egalitarian liberalism, especially in John Rawls's work, seeks to reconcile equal liberties with just institutions.
Fundamentals
General Laws: What They Are and Why They Limit Arbitrary Power
A general law establishes rules for open classes of people or cases. That structure makes tailored privileges and punishments harder, but it does not by itself make a law just.
Fundamentals
Fiat Money in Venezuela: What It Explains About the Bolívar
The bolívar is fiat money, but that label alone does not explain its value. Confidence, institutions, and purchasing power matter as well.
Fundamentals
Fiat Money and Institutional Crisis: Why Confidence Depends on Rules
Fiat money rests on a network of expectations, contracts, and rules. When that network loses credibility, a currency can weaken—though an institutional crisis does not automatically produce inflation.