Fundamentals
Municipal Autonomy: What It Is, What It Covers, and Its Limits
Municipal autonomy allows local governments to decide on their own affairs, manage resources, and answer to their communities—always within the legal order.
Archive
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Chronological archive of Libertatis Venezuela publications. Here you can review every published article without filtering by category.
Fundamentals
Ownership: Legal Meaning, Rights, and Limits
Ownership is the broadest legal authority over an asset, but it is neither unlimited nor always identical in meaning across legal systems.
Fundamentals
Mercantilism: What It Was, Its Main Features, and Its Relationship to Economic Liberalism
Mercantilism brought together ideas and policies that linked trade, regulation, and state power in early modern Europe. Understanding it requires looking beyond the simple accumulation of gold.
Fundamentals
Limited Sovereignty: Meaning and Its Different Uses
Limited sovereignty may refer to legal obligations, political dependence, or a lack of state capacity. Keeping these distinct avoids misleading conclusions.
Fundamentals
Representative System: What It Is, How It Works, and What Limits It Needs
A representative system lets citizens authorize representatives to exercise public power, but it needs elections, checks, and rights to function democratically.
Fundamentals
Economic Productivity: What It Is, How It Is Measured, and Why It Matters
Productivity compares what is produced with the resources used. Knowing how it is measured helps clarify growth, incomes, and the limits of the indicator.
Fundamentals
Representative mandate: what it is and how it limits instructions to elected officials
A representative mandate lets an elected official deliberate and decide without being legally bound by instructions, but it does not free that official from the law or public accountability.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Tolerance: Living Together Without Imposing
Liberal toleration makes room for people with different convictions to live together: it protects each person's conscience and rights without requiring indifference or approval.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and Social Peace: Living Together Without Imposing One Way of Life
Social peace does not require unanimity. Liberalism offers rules through which people with different ideas and interests can disagree, cooperate, and settle conflicts without being subject to arbitrary power.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and the Rule of Law: Limiting Power to Protect Liberty
Liberalism links liberty to power constrained by rules, rights, and checks. The rule of law gives that constraint institutional form.
Fundamentals
Liberalism and consent: why political authority needs limits
Consent seeks to reconcile individual liberty with political authority, but it does not make government or a majority all-powerful.
Fundamentals
Secular Liberalism: Freedom of Conscience and an Impartial State
Secular liberalism combines individual liberties, limits on power, and a political order that neither imposes a faith nor penalizes the absence of one.
Fundamentals
Cultural Liberalism: Freedom to Live Differently
Cultural liberalism holds that people with different values and ways of life can live together under equal rights, without public power imposing a single correct way to live.
Fundamentals
Innovation and Competition: When Rivalry Drives Improvement
Rivalry can speed up improvement, but innovation also takes time, investment, and a reasonable prospect of return. The key is keeping challenge open.
Fundamentals
Consumer Price Index (CPI): What It Measures and How to Interpret It
The CPI summarizes how prices change for a representative basket. Understanding its base period, weights, and limits helps prevent misleading readings.
Fundamentals
Equal Rights: What They Mean and What They Do Not Require
Equal rights protect every person's equal legal dignity. Understanding the principle requires separating equal rules, opportunity, equity, and outcomes.
Fundamentals
What Is the Function of Private Property?
Private property allocates decision-making powers, facilitates exchange, and protects spaces for autonomy, but it requires clear rules and responsibility toward others.
Fundamentals
The Entrepreneur in the Market: Function, Risk, and Responsibility
An entrepreneur is not defined simply by being wealthy, an owner, or a founder, but by making and revising decisions about resources in an uncertain future.
Fundamentals
State Discretion: What It Is and What Limits It
Public administration needs some room to respond to different cases. That room is legitimate only when it comes from law, rests on reasons, and remains open to review.
Fundamentals
Cancel Culture: What It Is and How It Differs From Censorship
Cancel culture covers very different practices, from withdrawing support to pressuring third parties to impose penalties. Distinguishing the actors, means, and consequences makes for a more rigorous assessment.
Fundamentals
Economic Cycles: What They Are, Phases, Causes, and Indicators
Economic cycles describe recurring expansions and contractions in economic activity, but they do not follow a fixed timetable or arise from a single cause.
Fundamentals
Tolerance and Truth: Living with Disagreement Without Giving Up Conviction
To tolerate does not mean to approve every idea or give up on truth. It means answering disagreement with reasons rather than coercion.
Fundamentals
Rural Property: What It Is and How It Differs from Urban Property
Rural property combines a right in real estate with a territorial classification that varies by country. Understanding it requires separating ownership, possession, and land use.
Fundamentals
Reasonable Pluralism: Living Together Without an Official Morality
Reasonable pluralism explains how people with incompatible convictions can support common political rules without giving up their own views of the good life.