Fundamentals
Limited Presidentialism: How Presidential Power Is Kept in Check
A president can have enough power to govern without being above the law. The key lies in enforceable, time-bound, and effective limits.
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Chronological archive of Libertatis Venezuela publications. Here you can review every published article without filtering by category.
Fundamentals
Political Rights: What They Are, Their Main Forms, and How They Are Protected
Political rights enable citizens to take part in public affairs, vote and stand for election, and access public service on equal terms. Making them effective requires far more than holding elections.
Fundamentals
Right of Use: What It Allows and How It Differs from Similar Legal Arrangements
A right of use allows someone to use another person's property without acquiring ownership. Its scope depends on the instrument creating it and the applicable law.
Fundamentals
Free-Market Capitalism: What It Is and How It Works
Free-market capitalism combines private property, voluntary exchange, and coordination through prices. It depends on general rules, open competition, and limits on both political power and business privilege.
Fundamentals
Liberal Tolerance and Responsibility: Freedom Without Indifference
Tolerance protects the right to choose and disagree; taking responsibility for the effects of our decisions keeps that freedom from becoming indifference.
Fundamentals
Subsidiarity: What It Means and How It Works
Subsidiarity protects the capacity of individuals, associations, and governments close to a problem, while also requiring support when they cannot address it adequately.
Fundamentals
Natural Law and Responsibility: Liberty, Duties, and Consequences
Inherent rights do not depend on flawless conduct. But recognizing equal liberty for all requires respecting others' rightful sphere and answering for certain harms and commitments.
Fundamentals
Bank Credit: What It Is, How It Works, and What It Costs
Bank credit lets borrowers use funds today in exchange for repaying them later. This guide explains how it works, its costs, types, and risks.
Fundamentals
Living Together in Freedom: Sharing a Society Without Giving Up Our Differences
Living together in freedom does not require us to think alike. It means coordinating different choices through reciprocal rights, justifiable rules, and voluntary agreements.
Fundamentals
Liberal Tolerance and Institutional Crisis: Living with Disagreement Without Destroying the Rules
Democracy does not require permanent agreement. It requires equal rights and rules that can survive conflict. Liberal tolerance helps explain what breaks when an adversary comes to be treated as an enemy.
Fundamentals
Digital Property: What It Means to Own Something Online
Owning a digital resource is not just a matter of being able to open or move it. It depends on which rights exist, who can exercise them, and under what rules.
Fundamentals
Voluntary Exchange and Individual Rights: Freedom, Consent, and Property
Free exchange requires more than a formal yes: it depends on the capacity to decide, sufficient information, freedom from coercion, and a legitimate right to transfer.
Fundamentals
The Right to Intimacy: What It Protects and Its Limits
The right to intimacy protects a private sphere from improper access, use, and disclosure. Its scope depends on context and must be balanced with other rights.
Fundamentals
Money Demand: What It Is and What Determines It
Money demand expresses how much liquidity households and businesses wish to hold. It changes with purchasing power, opportunity cost, economic activity, and confidence.
Fundamentals
Economic Competition and Individual Rights: How They Relate
Economic competition depends on the freedoms to start a business, exchange, and choose. In turn, an open market expands people's options without guaranteeing success to any participant.
Fundamentals
Capital and Property: What They Are, How They Differ, and How They Relate
Capital describes the productive function of a resource; property determines who may use, control, or transfer it. Understanding that distinction clarifies how investment and production are organized.
Fundamentals
Sale and Purchase: Meaning, Elements, and Obligations
A clear guide to sale and purchase agreements: the parties, essential elements, obligations, and differences from barter, gifts, and leases.
Fundamentals
Perfect Competition: What It Is, How It Works, and Its Limits
Perfect competition is a model for understanding how prices, costs, market entry, and efficiency interact. Its conclusions are useful, but they depend on demanding assumptions.
Fundamentals
Monopolistic Competition: Rivalry Among Differentiated Products
Monopolistic competition combines many sellers with differentiated products. This mix explains why a firm can influence its price while still facing competition.
Fundamentals
Imperfect Competition: Meaning, Types, and How It Works
Imperfect competition describes markets where sellers or buyers retain some ability to influence prices and other terms, although that power has limits.
Fundamentals
Collateral: What It Means and How Context Changes It
Collateral can describe a lateral relationship, a secondary consequence, a family relationship, or an asset that secures a debt. Context distinguishes each use.
Fundamentals
Real estate capital: what it is, how to calculate it, and where returns may come from
Real estate capital encompasses the economic value tied to property, but its meaning changes with context. This guide explains how to calculate net equity and distinguish it from rental income and appreciation.
Fundamentals
Productive Capital: What It Is, How It Forms, and Why It Matters
Productive capital encompasses the assets and resources that provide services in production. Its contribution depends on how they are combined, used, and maintained.
Fundamentals
Basic Basket: What It Is, How It Is Calculated, and What It Is Used For
A basic basket is a statistical benchmark whose contents depend on its purpose, population, location, and period. Understanding its methodology prevents us from treating it as a universal list or drawing conclusions it cannot support.